Tweet This, Adam Rainer was both a dwarf and a giant in his lifetime. After completing his required military service, he studied physics (the study of the relationship between matter and energy) at the University of Munich and at the University of Erlangen, receiving a doctorate from Erlangen in 1906 for his study of electrical releases through gases. J., et al, 'Quantum Physics: An Introduction,' Open University, 2008. Through his teacher, Professor Eilhard Wiedemann, he fell under the spell of experimental physics, which was to become his main area of scientific endeavor throughout his life. Fox, however, seemed to disagree, omitting his name from the credits entirely. The Stasi, East Germany's secret police during the Cold War, supposedly used radiation to track enemies of the state. The Geiger-Marsden experiments were performed between 1908 and 1913 by Hans Geiger (of Geiger counter fame) and Ernest Marsden (a 20-year-old student who had not yet earned his bachelor's degree) under the direction of Ernest Rutherford. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. World Encyclopedia. Born in Germany on September 30, 1882--September 24, 1945 in Germany . That was done without my real involvement, he later told an interviewer [PDF]. In 1907, after Schuster's retirement, Geiger began to work with his successor, Ernest Rutherford, and in 1908, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous GeigerMarsden experiment (also known as the "gold foil experiment"). Perhaps the ultimate example of this type of experiment is the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, which accelerates beams of particles to near light speed and slams them together. Hans sun sign is Libra and his birth flower is Aster & Morning Glory. Growing up in Chur, Switzerland, young Giger was urged to enter the family business and become a pharmacist. Manners. Hans Rudolf Giger (German Hans Rudolf "Rdi" Giger, February 5, 1940, Chur, Switzerland - May 12, 2014, Zurich, Switzerland) - Swiss artist, famous for his grim scenes.Since childhood, he suffered from nightmares and coped with them, transferring them to paper. With varied interests, I have always suffered from an insatiable appetite for facts stemming from an unrestrainable intellectual curiosity. Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (/ar/; German: [a]; 30 September 1882 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. It was at this time that Geiger also made a rare excursion into politics, prompted by the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party. "Hans Geiger Geiger, H. and Mller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzhlrohr" (The electron counting tube). We will contact you as soon as possible. Four years later, he renamed it to aluminum and hence the dualism. He resumed his work at PTR in 1919. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute("id","a6c7055f50989055bfa8d36e8b53ba49");document.getElementById("f8e4e772f6").setAttribute("id","comment"); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The years spent crouching in trenches on the front lines left Geiger with painful rheumatism. ALSO, GEIGER SERVED IN WWI AS AN . Also in 1936 Geiger took over editorship of the journal Zeitschrift fur Physik, a post he maintained until his death. In fact, until 1897, scientists believed that atoms had no internal structure and believed that they were an indivisible unit of matter. Tweet This, Drug dealers in Chicago have statistically higher chance of dying than prisoners on dead row. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The inventor of the Geiger counter Hans Geiger became an ardent Nazi supporter and facilitated sending some fellow scientists into concentration camps. ." 69-75. Tweet This, DEA can seize your money without a court decision, without even raising charges. I took one look at it, and Ive never been so sure of anything in my life, Scott said. Tweet This. His discovery of electrons also suggested that there were more elements to atomic structure. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Marsden and Geiger conducted the experiments primarily at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester in the U.K. between 1908 and 1913. Encyclopedia of World Biography. The creatures in Alien: Resurrection are even closer to my original Alien designs than the ones which appear in Aliens and Alien 3, he wrote. Whatever your case, learn the truth of the matter why is Geiger Counter so important! Hans Geiger died on 24 September 1945 in Potsdam. Bunsentagung 1932 Mnster.jpg. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Tweet This, 400 bee stings can kill an adult human being. ", Geiger's results were accurate enough to persuade Rutherford to go public with his discovery in 1910. Its invention in 1929 achieved fame for Geiger beyond the realms of physics. He continued to investigate cosmic rays, artificial radioactivity, and nuclear fission after accepting a position in 1936 at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin, which he held until he died. Geiger and many other scientists did not want the government to interfere with or influence their work. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. "Geiger and Proportional Counters," in Nucleonics, December, 1947, pp. For Debbie Harrys 1981 record, KooKoo, Giger used a recent acupuncture session as inspiration, depicting Harrys face being threaded by four needles. Alternate titles: Johannes Wilhelm Geiger. * He is influenced by: Ernest Rutherford, John Mitchell Nuttall. Tweet This, The inventor of the Geiger counter Hans Geiger became an ardent Nazi supporter and facilitated sending some fellow scientists into concentration camps. The Geiger Counter is is an electrical machine that was designed to count released alpha particles. . Tweet This 98% of all matter was created within first five minutes after the Big Bang. Geiger returned to Berlin in 1936 upon being offered the chair of physics at the Technische Hochschule. In J.J. Thomsons "plum pudding model" an atom comprises a number of negatively charged electrons in a sphere of uniform positive charge, distributed like blueberries in a muffin. He contributed a large amount of information on radioactivity that has helped scientists today. Later Geiger-Marsden experiments were also instrumental; the 1913 tests (opens in new tab) helped determine the upper limits of the size of an atomic nucleus. In 1933 received his doctorate at the University of Tubingen where his doctoral advisor was Hans Geiger, inventor of the Geiger counter. They just used my name.. Interesting Facts; Bibliography; Johannes Geiger. In August 1929, he took up the chair of experimental physics in Tbingen. Thank You. This is our collection of basic interesting facts about Geiger Counter. The group splintered in 1942 after its members came to believe (incorrectly, as it would later transpire) that nuclear weapons would not play a significant role in ending the war. Ernest Rutherford lived from the 30th of August 1871 to the 19th of October 1937. . Geiger moved from the Reichsanstalt in 1925 to become professor of physics at the University of Kiel. Even more shocking, around 1 in 10,000 -particles were reflected directly back from the gold foil. ." It was first proposed by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Ernest Rutherford. Crouching in trenches on the front lines left Geiger with painful rheumatism (stiffness and pain in the joints). He was also busy leading a team of nuclear physicists researching artificial radioactivity and the byproducts of nuclear fission (the splitting of the atom's nucleus). Experiments by Geiger and Marsden. His responsibilities included teaching students and guiding a sizable research team. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/geiger-hans, "Geiger, Hans Hans Geiger invented the Geiger counter in 1911. Albert Einstein dubbed the measuring device "humankind's most sensitive organ". Childhood & Early Life. //]]>. In 1912 Geiger returned to Germany as director of the new Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, Germany, where he invented an instrument for measuring not only alpha particles but other types of radiation (the giving off of energy and particles from atoms) as well. He helped create the Geiger-Nuttall rule. In 1912 Geiger gave his name to the Geiger-Nuttal law, which states that radioactive atoms with short half-lives emit alpha particles at high speed. ." [1] Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. Before his passing in 2014, Giger was in talks to bring a bar to the United States. 1) He was part of a team of scientists who helped invent the atomic bomb. Geiger left Kiel for the University of Tubingen in October of 1929 to serve as professor of physics and director of research at its physics institute. It was presented to the Reich Education Ministry in late 1936. Interesting Facts About Hans Geiger Hans Geiger attended the University of Munich during his life. Tweet This, Humphry Davy discovered the element and named it aluminium. Geiger was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Erlangen in 1906 and shortly thereafter joined the staff of the University of Manchester, where he became one of the most valuable collaborators of Ernest Rutherford. The results did have a profound effect on Rutherford, however, who in 1910 set about determining a model of atomic structure that would supersede Thomson's plum pudding model, Manners wrote in his book. He received a doctorate from the latter institution in 1906 for his thesis on electrical discharges through gases. He had just started to show signs of improvement in his health when his home near Babelsberg, Germany, was occupied in June 1945. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Wilson noted Geiger's recollection that "One day Rutherford, obviously in the best of spirits, came into my [laboratory] and told me that he now knew what the atom looked like and how to explain the large deflections of the alpha-particles. It has never been given to the same person more than once. Regarding his time in England, he wrote to Max von Laue: If I have been able to do something for our physics, than I owe this more than anything to the good fortune of having come into contact with Rutherford at an early stage of my life.. With Geiger and Marsden's experimental evidence, Rutherford deduced a model of the atom, discovering the atomic nucleus. In 1925 Geiger became professor of physics at the University of Kiel, Germany. About 1 in 8,000 did, and this result, published in 1909 as "On a Diffuse Reflection of the -Particle," formed the basis for Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom . In 1907, Rutherford, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden carried out the Geiger-Marsden experiment, an attempt to examine the structure of the atom. The Memorandum seemed to put a stop to attacks on theoretical physics, in the short term at least. I used a real dog, Giger said, and I made the clothes in polyester. Although crude, the design of the alien (above) hints at the banana-shaped cranium hed later make famous. "Geiger, Hans Fans looking for a truly immersive Giger experience may want to visit Switzerland, where two bars designed by the artist are still in operation. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Most probably, in your body there are atoms that were part of the body of Louis XIV. The pair also established the basic unit of electrical charge when it is involved in electrical activity, which is equivalent to that carried by a single hydrogen atom. In 1994, Giger was invited to submit a design for a revamped Batmobile for Batman Forever, the second sequel to Tim Burtons 1989 original. Faculty V Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Central Institute School of Education (SETUB), Faculty I - Humanities and Educational Sciences, Faculty II Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty IV Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty VI Planning Building Environment, Requirements for Admission to a Degree Program, Continuing education & further qualification, Construction, Building & Strategic Space Management. In the fall of 1901, he started studying mathematics and physics at the university in Erlangen. In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the GeigerNuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model.[7]. It also measured other types of radiation (the giving off of energy and particles from particles). His relationship status is single. This explains the large-angle scatterings seen in the Geiger-Marsden experiments. Why does Fox not give me the credit I rightfully earned? This website uses cookies to improve your experience. It consists of a small metal container with an electrically insulated wire at its heart to which a potential of about 1000 volts is applied. His students dubbed him Variet-Geiger (Geiger the Cabaret Artist). Rutherford's idea of firing a beam at a target was adapted to particle accelerators during the 20th century. In 1920, he married Elisabeth Heffter, with whom he had three sons. As these men were politically conservative, their decision to oppose the National Socialists was taken seriously, and seventy-five of Germany's most notable physicists put their names to the Heisenberg-Wien-Geiger Memorandum. He was an outstanding teacher, capable of enthusing his students. A couple of months later he moved to Potsdam, dying there two months after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. In 1929 Geiger took up a post at the University of Tbingen, where he made his first observation of a cosmic-ray shower. Best known for designing the lanky, drooling Xenomorph for 1979s Alien, much of his life was devoted to studies in biomechanical visions. Explanation Of Discoveries And Contributions J. E., 'Origins of Quantum Theory,' Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics (Third Edition), 2018, RobertLeais a science journalist in the U.K. who specializes in science, space, physics, astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, quantum mechanics and technology. Interesting Facts; interesting facts. Heis, (b. Rymanow, Austria-Hungary [later Poland], 29 July 1898; d. New York, New York, 11 January 1988), physics, molecular beams, nuclear physics, physic, Condon, Edward Uhler It was used to count alpha and beta particles. Following Gigers death in 2014, a plant breeder named Matthew Kaelin named a carnivorous species Nepenthes H.R. vol. By using banks of Geiger counters and Bothe's method of coincidence it is possible to determine the angular distribution of cosmic rays. Geiger, H. and Mller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzhlrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube). Other articles where Ernest Marsden is discussed: Rutherford model: of experiments performed by undergraduate Ernest Marsden under the direction of Rutherford and German physicist Hans Geiger in 1909. It also illustrated how seriously Geiger and his associates took the threat to their work from the Nazis. According to a 2009 Vice.com interview, Giger found that some paintings had been stolen from the property; others went missing during transportation to gallery shows. Also known as the Geiger-Marsden Experiments, the discovery actually involved a series of experiments performed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under Ernest Rutherford. In 1920, Geiger married Elisabeth Heffter, with whom he had three sons. ." Giger because of its spikes and peristome teeth. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was a professor at the University of Erlangen. apparatus that they used to shoot streams of alpha particles through gold foil and onto a screen where they were observed as scintillations, or tiny flashes of light. These observations were jointly published by Geiger and Marsden in an article entitled "On a Diffuse Reflection of the Alpha-Particles" for the Proceedings of the Royal Society in June of 1909. Is there anyone who has not heard of the Geiger Counter? 15 Nov. 2012. With the war over, Geiger returned to the Reichsanstalt. He was born into an intellectual middle-class family in Neustadt/Weinstrae in 1882 and grew up in Munich and Erlangen, where his father was university professor of Persian studies and Indology. Learn about Hans Geiger Net Worth, Biography, Age, Birthday, Height, Early Life, Family, Dating, Partner, Wiki and Facts. James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. It was, rather, the constellation of evidence available gradually from the spring of 1913 and this, in turn, coupled with a growing conviction, tended to increase the significance or extrinsic value assigned to the Geiger-Marsden results beyond that which they intrinsically possessed in July 1912.". Hans Geiger was died on Sep 24, 1945 at age 62. Law says you cant sell your ey, Norwegians use the word "Texas" as a synonym to "crazy". Hans Geiger was a German nuclear physicist best known for his invention of the Geiger counter, a device used for counting atomic particles, and for his pioneering work in nuclear physics with Ernest Rutherford. Please note that this site uses cookies to personalise content and adverts, to provide social media features, and to analyse web traffic. There, he and Walther Mller improved the sensitivity, performance, and durability of the particle counter; the Geiger-Mller counter detects not only alpha particles but beta particles (electrons) and ionizing electromagnetic photons. The chance of an -particle being reflected back was just 1 in 10^1,000 (1 followed by a thousand zeroes). Despite these failings, the Rutherford model derived from the Geiger-Marsden experiments would become the inspiration for Niels Bohr's atomic model of hydrogen, for which he won a Nobel Prize in Physics. Later that year in 1906 Hans Geiger was awarded the John Harlis Fellowship Award. In the atomic era, the Geiger-Mller Counter, as it is officially known, is an indispensable piece of equipment for all radiation physicists. He measured the direction of the particles as it bounced in different angles. Rob's articles have been published in Physics World, New Scientist, Astronomy Magazine, All About Space and ZME Science. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1929 he was able to demonstrate cosmic and ultraviolet rays by passing them through a Geiger counter array. Geiger-Rutherford.jpg 2,420 1,508; 479 KB. When he took over the directorship of the Physics Institute at Technische Hochschule Berlin in 1936 in the midst of turbulent times, Geiger could already look back on a distinguished international career. Of course, an -particle passing through an extremely thin gold foil would still encounter about 1,000 atoms, and thus its deflections would be essentially random. Its invention in 1929 achieved fame for Geiger beyond the realms of physics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982, p. 211. < http://www.nndb.com/people/123/000099823/ >. During World War I he served as an artillery officer in the German army. Geiger continued working at the Technische Hochschule through World War II (193945; a war fought between the Axis powersGermany, Italy, and Japanand the Allied powersGreat Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States), although he was often confined to bed with rheumatism. He attended the Fridericianum in Erlangen and completed his schooling there in 1901. Encyclopedia.com. The Giger Bars in Chur andGruyres are extensions of the artists work in biomechanics, with columns of vertebrae and posts that have been polished so that they feel like something (almost) organic. Dont miss our monthly selection of amazing facts! This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hans-Geiger, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Hans GeigerGerman Physicist and the Geiger Counter. Tweet This, In the 1970s, small plutonium cells were used in implanted heart pacemakers. In 1912, Geiger took up a professorship at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Berlin, where he was head of the radioactivity laboratory. In 2003, it was bought by Russian bus, The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witch, To be elected in Texas, one must believe in a supreme being. In 1924 he published a paper on his method of coincidence which states that when a single particle passes through two Geiger counters, the pulses from each are coincident in time. Installed at the Institute, Geiger worked constantly to increase the Geiger counter's speed and ability to detect. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. . Hans Geiger (1882-1945) invented the Geiger counter.. Hans Geiger was a German nuclear physicist best known for his invention of the Geiger counter, a device used for counting atomic particles, and for his pioneering work in nuclear physics with Ernest Rutherford.. Johannes Wilhelm Geiger was born in Neustadt ander-Haardt (now Neustadt ander-Weinstrasse), Rhineland-Palatinate . He coined the terms alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). He also helped Rutherford create the theory of the atom. 5. - source. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Best known for designing the lanky, drooling Xenomorph for 1979's Alien,. Bohr united Rutherford's atomic model with the quantum theories of Max Planck to determine that electrons in an atom can only take discrete energy values, thereby explaining why they remain stable around a nucleus unless emitting or absorbing a photon, or light particle. Advertisements. Leave your message below and we will contact you as soon as possible. While investigating facts about Geiger Counter Sound and Geiger Counter Units, I found out little known, but curios details like: The inventor of the Erector Set also released an "Atomic Energy Laboratory" that included real uranium ore. One suggested activity was to play "hide and seek with the gamma ray source" by using the included Geiger counter to find a radioactive sample hidden in a room. Suffering badly, Geiger was forced to flee and seek refuge in Potsdam, where he died on September 24, 1945. He also found time to develop, with Walther Mueller, the instrument with which his name is most often associated: the Geiger-Mueller counter, commonly referred to as the Geiger counter. Geiger, H. and Mller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzhlrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 16:08. He preferred art, entering the School of Applied Arts in Zurich and creating works based on his adolescent love of Egyptian iconography like mummies and sarcophaguses. Also in 1912 Geiger returned to Germany to take up a post as director of the new Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, where he invented an instrument for measuring not only alpha particles but beta rays and other types of radiation as well. Even in this case, the plum pudding model predicted a maximum deflection angle of just 0.06 degrees. There he worked with Walter Bothe (winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics) and James Chadwick (winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics). Geiger's research was interrupted by the start of World War I (191418; a war fought between the German-led Central Powers and the AlliesEngland, the United States, Italy, and other nations), during which he fought with the German troops. Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, was a philology professor-Hans took part in an attempt to build an atomic bomb, during WWII-Geiger and J. M. Nuttall founded a scientific rule which states, "the relationship between the logarithm of the range . All I can wish them is an Alien breeding inside their chests., Rather than be invited to work on Aliens, Fox installed Giger on another sequel project: 1986s Poltergeist II: The Other Side, a follow-up to Tobe Hoopers 1982 film about a family burdened by malevolent spirits. Read on for interesting facts, quotes and information about Ernest Rutherford. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906. He was born in 1882 and died in 1945. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Rutherford Model, Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/science/Rutherford-model, Alpha particle, U.S NRC, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/alpha-particle.html. at the University of Erlangen in 1906. NNDB, 2012. The nucleus was postulated as small and dense to account for the scattering of alpha particles from thin gold foil, as observed in a series of experiments performed by undergraduate Ernest Marsden under the direction of Rutherford and German physicist Hans Geiger in 1909. Their results were published in German in Vienna in 1912 and in English in the Philosophical Magazine in April of 1913. [10][11], In 1929 Geiger was named professor of physics and director of research at the University of Tbingen where he made his first observations of a cosmic ray shower. He helped compose a position paper that was signed by seventy-five of Germany's most notable physicists. Nearly 10 years prior to beginning work on Alien, Giger was invited to design costumes and sets for a small Swiss film titled Swiss Made [PDF]. Continue with Recommended Cookies. In 1924 he published a paper on his method of coincidence which states that when a single particle passes through two Geiger counters, the pulses from each are coincident in time. In 1904, J J Thomson proposed a new model . Held in a German prison camp for all of World War 1, he led the British team in the Manhattan Project, in which the UK and Canada supported the USA's World War 2 effort to build the world's first nuclear bomb. . The Rutherford model of the atom, put forward in 1911, proposed a nucleus, where the majority of the particle's mass was concentrated, according to Britannica. [8] Work was interrupted when Geiger served in the German military during World War I as an artillery officer from 1914 to 1918. Nuclear physicist Hans Geiger, whose surname is known all over the world for his invention of the radioactivity measuring device known as the Geiger counter, was born Johannes Wilhelm Geiger in Neustadt-an-der-Haardt, Germany on September 30, 1882.He was one of five children born to Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, a philosophy professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1933 the politics of the Nazis began to intrude into the academic life of Geiger. Geiger's work with Rutherford and Marsden finally inspired Rutherford in 1910 to conclude that the atoms contained a positively charged core or nucleus which repelled the alpha particles. Rutherford's Nobel-winning discovery of particles formed the basis of the gold foil experiment, which cast doubt on the plum pudding model. Electrically detecting and counting alpha particles, the counter can locate a speeding particle within about one centimeter in space and to within a hundred-millionth second in time. The people responsible for Rutherford-Bohr model of atoms, discovery of atomic nucleus, splitting the atom, neutrons, x-ray crystallography, cosmic rays, creation of the Geiger counter, radio astronomy, geomagentism and the first digital computer - all worked at the University of Manchester, UK. The first, with Rutherford, was entitled "The Probability Variations in the Distribution of Alpha-Particles." While there he developed, with Walther Mueller, the Geiger-Mueller counter, commonly referred to as the Geiger counter. The 1950 toy lab set "Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory" contained uranium ore, polonium, a Geiger counter and a cloud chamber. 330-333. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation,", atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, "Hans GeigerGerman Physicist and the Geiger Counter", "An electrical method of counting the number of particles from radioactive substances", "June 1911: Invention of the Geiger Counter", "How 2 Pro-Nazi Nobelists Attacked Einstein's "Jewish Science" [Excerpt]", Annotated bibliography for Hans Geiger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger&oldid=1141926808, People associated with the University of Manchester, Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.
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